Perception on the functionality of the school library Essay

Chapter I Background of the Study A school library is a library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public (state) or private (fee paying) school have access to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library is to ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access â€Å"to books and reading, to information, and to information technology. † A school library â€Å"uses all types of media are automated, and utilize the Internet for information gathering. † School libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve as â€Å"learner-oriented laboratories which support, extend, and individualize the school’s curriculum. A school library serves as the center and coordinating agency for all material used in the school. † Across the United States, research has shown that students in schools with good school libraries learn more, get better grades, and score higher on standardized test scores than their peers in schools without libraries. From Alaska to North Carolina, more than 60 studies have shown clear evidence of this connection between student achievement and the presence of school libraries with qualified school library media specialists. In the Philippines there is a severe lack of public libraries. Reading programs are not enough, by themselves alone, to achieve the overall and longer-term objective of making children fall in love with reading and become regular readers for life. Read-along are great in sparking a child’s initial interest in books and reading. But something more is needed to convert that initial interest into a real love of books and a lifetime reading habit. According to experts, children need at least two other things to actually adopt such a habit: (1) As much guidance, encouragement and example as they can get from their usual role models – their parents, teachers, and older siblings — and (2) regular access to books and other reading materials. As far as I know, some of the students of DCHS are using the library for past time and group chatting not for gathering information, references, and researching their homework’s. DCHS library has a low rate of students visited every day because they think reading books is so boring. I conducted this survey to motivate the students to visit the libraries and to improve their reading and writing skills, English language arts, fine arts and etc. This survey will help us to improve the library and improve the interest of the students. Statement of the problem The main purpose of this study was determined the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library. What is the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library? Is there a significant difference in the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library in terms of : section? gender? Null Hypothesis The following null hypothesis had been formulated using 0. 05 level of the significance for the present study: There is no significant difference in the perception on the functionality of the school library in terms of section and gender. Review of Related Literature A significant number of relevant literature and related studies have been compiled in this section by the researcher to provide some general basis of the design and conduct of the study. Bosah L. Eghoso conducted a survey that studied about the Perception of the library by secondary school students in enhancing success in their examinations. After the success of his survey, Bosah found a conclusion that both private and public schools relegated the library to the background in teaching and learning in recent times. Private schools proprietors do not see for expanding their finances in libraries especially when they can make their students pass their examinations through dubious methods. Dr. Zeynep Filiz, said that every two library meet the student’s information. He conducted a survey that studied about the service quality of university: A survey amongst student at Osmangazi University and Anadolu University. A total of 400 usable responses were received. About 70% of the respondents were men and 50% of responses were from Osmangazi University. About 75% of respondents had used the library more than six times, and 51% of respondents indicated they relied on the library staff when using the library. Moreover, about 35 of respondents said they intended to use the library in the future and recommended others to use the library. Sofi Zahoor Ahmad said that more than 89% rural and 90% urban schools claim existence of a library with no standard physical requirements and specifications, She condected a survey entitled A Survey of Senior Secondary School Libraries in Jammu and Kashmir India. This give her a conclusion that 89. 55% are housed in insufficiently spaced single rooms within the schools while 5. 47% are accommodated in principal offices where students always have inhibitions to go. However, a few schools 4. 97% possess separate library blocks, though these also lack the basics of a library design. No significant difference is revealed while assessing the rural-urban statistics relating to the library housing and location. Jerome Idiegbeyan-Ose said that in Benin City, do not have a library period for the students, and as a result students can never be taught how to make use of the library. He conducted a survey entitled â€Å"A survey on the Present State of School Libraries in Benin City majority of the schools investigated†. School libraries in Imo State lack adequate accommodation, materials, and funds, as well as trained staff to manage the libraries in Imo state. These are similar to what is on ground in Benin City where unqualified staff manages the school libraries. Which revealed the various libraries’ staff strength, it can be deduced that all the libraries under investigation are understaffed; Human resources in libraries contribute to the standards of that particular library. This research revealed that all the schools visited are under stocked with library materials. A majority of the schools visited in Benin City have outdated books which are very dusty, where they existed. It is very unfortunate that most of our school libraries in Benin City are staffed by unqualified staff and non-librarians, which fall short of minimum standard of a school library. Emmanuel E. Baro said that only a few library schools offer the course information literacy as a stand-alone course in their curricula. His survey entitled â€Å"A survey of information literacy education in library schools in Africa†. Results from the study revealed that, presently, only a few library schools offer the course IL as a stand-alone course in their curricula. Many library schools have not yet incorporated â€Å"IL† as a stand-alone course in their LIS curricula; rather, it is briefly discussed as a topic in related courses. Although not all the library schools in Africa were examined due to language barrier, more than 60 library schools were investigated, among them 20 institutions were found offering IL courses or a related area. This studies the researcher compiled is related to the researchers’ studies, because it is about a survey of perception on different students towards school library. It is also about enhancing the school libraries to encourage students to visit. It is also to motivate students to make their assignment and gather information in the library because one of the most fundamental areas responsible for the dwindling educational standards and fortunes in our educational system is the area of the library education and library service utilization among students. Significance of the Study The results of this study are generally aimed at providing information and ideas that are fundamental to functioning successfully in today’s information and knowledge-based society. The result is deemed significant to the academic community but mostly valuable to these groups of people: 1. Administration. The proposed study helps the institution to be more aware of what the students need in a library to develop and improve students learning progress. It also helps the administration to improve the library in the way the student’s needs. 2. Teachers. The proposed study helps the teachers in preparing classroom curriculum or seeking professional development resources. It also helps the teachers in their research to improve their visual aids. 3. Parents. The proposed study helps the parents to have a small library at home to improve the basic needs of their child. 4. Students. The proposed study helps the student to have very good concentration in their study. It also helps the students know the lesson in advance by searching the book in the library. CHAPTER II METHOD This chapter presents the research design, research subject, sampling method, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of the data. Research Design Descriptive research is a research that provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group. These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information. May be used to reveal summary statistics by showing responses to all possible questionnaire items. It can provide leads in identifying needed changes and it may be used to explore relationships between two or more variables. In this research study, it intends to describe the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library through conducting this study and by having a survey on how useful a library is. In this study, the researcher will attempt to describe how students find the functionality of the school library behind the difference between the gender and section of the respondents. Research Subject This study gathered the percentage of students of the fourth year level of the Davao Central High School in relation with their perception on the functionality of the school library. The actual population of these students is seventy-five, due to a limited time and resources, by using the Slovin’s formula, the researcher would only take nineteen respondents from Confucius; twenty-four respondents from Mencius and twenty respondents from Lao Tzu to have a total of sixty-three respondents. Solution: n=N/-(1+Ne^2 ), where N(75) is the actual population, e is the percent error (5%) † =† â€Å"75† /-(â€Å"1+75† (? â€Å"0. 05† ? ^†2†³ ) ) =63 In table 1, it is indicated that the actual population of 75 (100%) is divided into two clusters which consists of 14 (19%) females and 9 (12%) males in Confucius; 16 (21%) females and 12 (16%) males in Mencius; 14 (19%) females and 10 (13%) males in Lao Tzu and a total of 44 (59%) females and 31 (41%) males. Using the Slovin’s formula, the number of samples decreased into 63 (100%) which now consists of 12 (19%) females and 7 (11%) males in Confucius; 14 (22%) females and 10(16%) males in Mencius; 12(19%) females and 8(13%) males in Lao Tzu and a total of 38 (60%) females and 25 (40%) males. Sampling Procedure In this research study, the researcher will use the systematic random sampling method. In systematic random sampling method, the researcher will conduct a survey through selecting sample members from the population according to a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval. Typically, every ninth member is selected from the total population for inclusion in the sample population. The researcher chose this since that based in the researcher’s estimation, there are sixty percent in the fourth year level students are using the library every day. Thus, the researcher comes up with an idea on using the systematic random sampling method in conducting this research study. The researchers wrote all the names of the fourth year students in a paper and arranged by section. The researchers selected a number that he/she likes; and lastly the researcher selected the respondents every â€Å"ninth† of the names until he gets 63 respondents. Table 1. Distribution of Respondents Section ClustersPopulationSample Number NPercent (%)Number nPercent (%) ConfuciusFemale1461%1261% Male939%739% Total2331%1931% MenciusFemale 1657%1457% Male1243%1043% Total2837%2437%. Lao TzuFemale1458%1258% Male1042%842% Total2432%2032% OverallFemale4459%3859% Male3141%2541% Total75100%63100% Research Instrument The research instrument consisted of fifteen-item questionnaires that are divided into two categories (students and library) on whether the library is functional to the fourth yr. students. The respondents will respond to a five-point scale ranging from very positive, positive, fair, negative and very negative. Items on the questionnaire were drawn from literature on the normal reasons for answering the question on what is the perception on the functionality of the school library. The proposed survey questionnaire is self-constructed. In order to interpret the response of the research subjects, Table 2 will be used as basis. Table 2. Quality Index Mean ScoreQualitative Description 4. 20 – 5. 00Very Positive 3. 40 – 4. 19Positive 2. 60 – 3. 39Fair 1. 80 – 2. 59 Negative 1. 00 – 1. 79Very Negative Data Gathering Procedure This research survey had been conducted by the use of systematic random sampling method. Through this, the first 65 students in the fourth year level will serve as the respondents for this research survey. The procedure of conducting this research survey is as follows: The researchers distributed the survey questionnaire to the 63 students that has been randomly selected and ask to answer the survey. After the student had answered the questionnaire, the researchers gathered the entire survey questionnaire and thanking the students who had answered the following survey questionnaire. Statistical Treatment In this survey, the researcher used the following statistical tool to analyze the gathered data of this study: Mean. By using the mean, the researcher had been able to get the average of students’ sample population which is using the school library. Since, that the respondents are divided into two clusters, the researcher also get the average percentage of every male and female respondents of this survey. Standard Deviation. In standard deviation, it showed how much variation exists from the average mean. In short, this measured the confidence of the respondents in statistical conclusions. t-test. The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. This analysis is appropriate whenever you want to compare the means of two groups. Through the use of t-test, the researcher had been able to distinguish the difference on the perception on the functionality of the students on the school library in terms of their gender and section. Chapter III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the data obtained through the survey conducted, and the analysis of the data using the appropriate statistical treatment and the interpretation of the results obtained. Problem No. 1 What is the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library? Table 3 Perception of the Students on the Functionality of the School Library by Gender GenderMeanStandard DeviationQualitative Description Male2. 950. 39Fair Female2. 960. 52Fair Overall2. 960. 46Fair Table 3 summarizes the perception of the fourth year students on the functionality of the school library when classified according to gender. The data shows that the mean of male students is 2. 95 with a standard deviation of 0. 39 which is interpreted as fair. Moreover, the female students obtained a mean of 2. 96 with a standard deviation of 0. 52 that can  be interpreted as fair. Comparatively, it can be generalized that 4th year females are more aware of the functionality of the school library than 4th year boys. The table explains that the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library has an overall mean of 2. 96 in terms of gender that can also be interpreted as fair. The female students of all 4th year are aware of the functionality of the school library than the male, because the female students obtained a mean of 2. 96 and a 0. 52 standard deviation that can also be interpreted as fair. Table 4  Perception of the Students on the Functionality of the School Library by Section SectionMeanStandard DeviationQualitative Description Confucius2. 910. 46Fair Mencius2. 990. 45Fair Lao Tzu2. 970. 49Fair Overall2. 960. 46Fair Table 4 presents the perception of fourth year students on the functionality of the school library when categorized according to section. The data shows that the mean of Confucius students is 2. 91 with a standard deviation of 0. 46 which is interpreted as fair. Furthermore, Mencius students obtained a mean of 2. 99 with a standard deviation of 0. 45 that is interpreted fair. The mean of Lao Tzu is 2. 97 with a standard deviation of 0. 49 that is interpreted as fair. It can be generalized from the data that the Mencius students are more aware of the functionality school library than the other two sections. As a whole, the mean of all the 4th year students who were chosen as the respondents for this study is 2. 96 with a standard deviation of 0. 46 which indicates that the overall level of usage of the school library is fair. The table explains that the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library has an overall mean of 2. 96 in terms of section that can also be interpreted as fair. The 4th year Mencius students are more aware of the functionality of the school library than the two other 4th year sections because the 4th year Confucius students obtained a mean of 2. 91 and a 0. 46 standard deviation that can also be interpreted as fair. The 4th year Lao Tzu students obtained a mean of 2. 97 and a 0. 49 standard deviation that can also be interpreted as fair. Problem 2. Is there a significant difference in the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library in terms of gender and section? Table 5 Gender and Perception of the Students GenderMeanMean DifferenceComputed t-valueTabular t-valueDecisionConclusion Male2. 95-0. 01-0. 011. 99Accept NullThere is no significant difference Female2. 96 Table 5 shows the results of the t-test between the level of awareness of the parents and their gender. As presented on the table, the mean difference of the male and female respondents is -0. 01. Since the computed t-value of -0. 01 is lesser than the tabular value of 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significance with 61 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the students of the functionality on the school library in terms of their gender. The table explains that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the students of the functionality on the school library in terms of their gender because of the mean of the males is lesser than the mean of the females it also apply on the computed t-value and tabular t-value. The data shows that the mean of 4th year male students are 2. 95 while the 4th year female students are 2. 96 with a mean difference of -0. 01, a computed t-value of -0. 01, and a tabular table of 1. 99. Table 6 Section and Perception of the Students SectionMeanMean DifferenceComputed t-valueTabular t-valueDecisionConclusion Confucius2. 91-0. 08-0. 112. 02Accept NullThere is no significant difference Mencius2. 99 Confucius2. 91-0. 06-0. 082. 03Accept NullThere is no significant difference Lao Tzu2. 97 Mencius2. 990. 020. 032. 02Accept NullThere is no significant difference Lao Tzu2. 97 Table 6 shows the results of the t-test between the perceptions of the respondents and their section. As presented on the table, the mean difference of the Confucius and Mencius respondents is -0. 08. Since the computed t-value of -0. 11 is lesser than the tabular value of 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significance with 41 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of Confucius and Mencius students on the functionality of the school library. . On the other hand, the mean difference of the Confucius and Lao Tzu respondents is -0. 06. Since the computed t-value of -0. 08 is less than the tabular value of 2. 03 at 0. 05 level of significance with 37 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of Confucius and Lao Tzu students on the functionality of the school library. Moreover, the mean difference of the Mencius and Lao Tzu respondents is 0. 02. Since the computed t-value of 0. 03 is less than the tabular value of 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significance with 42 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of Mencius and Lao Tzu students on the functionality of the school library. As a whole, it can be generalized that the perceptions of the 4th year students are aware of the functionality of the school library. Chapter IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The study is about the functionality of the school library based on the students’ perception. The respondents in the study are the selected 4th year student of Davao Central High School. The method used in this study is the systematic random sampling wherein the researcher would pick out members from population according to the random starting point. The researchers choose this kind of sampling due to the researchers’ estimation that there will be about sixty percent of 4th year student who are using the school’s library every day. Thus, the researchers will be writing all the names of the students in a paper then he/she will pick a number that the researcher likes and lastly the researcher selects the respondents every â€Å"ninth† of the names until the researcher will get 63 respondents. Conclusion After the careful analysis of the data gathered, the researchers reached the following conclusions: 1. The level of perception on the functionality of the school library is fair. Female is more aware of the functionality of the school library than male. Section Mencius has the highest mean followed by section Lao Tzu and section Confucius. 2. There is no significant difference in the perceptions of the students on the functionality of the school library in terms of their gender. Recommendation The administration should improve the library in the way the students’ needs. The teachers should give the students an assignments or projects that can be found able at the library. The parents should have their own mini-library at hone to improve the basic needs of their child. The researchers would like to recommend to the future researchers to do some related studies about the school libraries. The researchers would like to propose some that they could also conduct a study about the usefulness of the diff. facilities, and the completeness of the references of the library.

Case Analysis of Andrea Yates

Nathan Merrill XXJUN2012 PS208 Case Analysis of Andrea Yates After close review and careful analysis of the case of Andrea Yates and the circumstances which led to the drowning death and murder of her five children, I first would like to state my personal opinion on the conclusion of the case which was the majority consensus at the time of her trial and sentencing.She was guilty of a horrible murder and although certainly had mental problems, which is apparent by her actions that most completely rational thinking human being and mother would be incapable of committing, and expertly used an insanity plea to lessen the sanctions that should have and inevitably would have been brought upon her. The major dilemma in this entire case was not based upon whether Andrea Yates had or had not committed the crime of murder five times over on her own flesh and blood or even if she was mentally sick.The defining line in this case is the interpretation by which we judge insanity and the scale by which we way the accuracy if someone convicted of a crime and pleads insanity was actually aware that the crime they committed was a wrong doing. The interpretations are subject to base line analysis which has changed over time since its inception on how we decide if a person is mentally capable of knowing their actions and thus should be held responsible for those actions to the farthest extent of the law.Basically this case comes down to if Yates knew her actions were wrong and if she made the conscious decision to murder her children, which in my personal opinion is a resounding yes. I would not argue the fact that Yates is mentally ill but the this cased seemed to revolve around the fact of if she comes up with a good enough reason to commit such a horrible crime then it can appear that she honestly thought by her actions she was protecting her children. The circumstances based on religion become confusing but could also be the result of a masterfully constructed defense.Granted , a life in a mental institution would be no walk in the park or even enjoyable but far less intrusive than death itself or a life in the general population of penitentiary living. My conclusion is that yes, Yates is sick, but I feel a strong possibility of her understanding the wrongness of her actions to the rest of society but in her opinion acted in the greater good based on religiously psychotic feeling of heaven and hell which was a foundation of making a decision to take her children’s lives while understanding it was wrong and should have been dealt with by a swifter and stronger hand of justice.My opinion aside this is the conclusion and information brought forth by unbiased research as to the case and analysis of Yates. Only one of a twelve mental health experts who testified concluded that the Yates was legally sane when she drowned her five children in the family bathtub. The witness, called by prosecutors, was Park Dietz, a forensic psychiatrist and the prosecuto rs' only mental health expert, Dietz and his testimony helped convict Yates. The conviction later was overturned. When Yates is retried, much of the attention again was on Dietz, who is back on the prosecution's witness list.And now, there are questions about Dietz's conclusions in the Yates case because of his testimony in another trial involving a Texas mother who killed two of her children. Questions have added intrigue to a case in which prosecutors' initial decision to seek the death penalty ignited a national debate over how mental illness and postpartum depression are viewed in criminal courts. The Yates case now has become a symbol of the influence that expert witnesses hold in trials in our country each day, and a test of how psychiatrists' opinions are used in court.The standards judges use in deciding whether to admit psychiatric opinions in court are less precise than those used to allow testimony about scientific evidence that is more obviously measurable, such as DNA o r fingerprints. George Parnham, who was Yates' lead attorney, said the defense hopes to raise doubts about Dietz's analysis of Yates. The defense, Parnham said, was to focus on why Dietz found Yates to be sane and therefore legally responsible for her actions and also why he came to the opposite conclusion in 2004 in a similar case involving Deanna Laney, a Texas mother who killed two of her sons.Kaylynn Williford, who was a Harris County prosecutor, said Dietz's analysis in other cases is not relevant to the Yates case. She says she will ask the judge to limit Dietz's testimony to his analysis of Yates. If convicted, Yates was facing life in prison, but not execution. That issue was settled at her first trial, when the jury rejected execution. Texas law defines insanity as the inability to know right from wrong. At Yates' trial, Dietz testified that Yates knew that drowning her children was wrong. Jurors agreed with Dietz's opinion and rejected her insanity defense.A key difference in the Yates case from other similar cases was that she didn’t state that she attacked her sons at God's direction. Yates had told Dietz that she had drowned her children — Noah, 7; John, 5; Paul, 3; Luke, 2; and Mary, 6 months — at the direction of Satan, according to the trial transcript. She also told Dietz she thought it was wrong. Although Yates readily confessed to what she had done, and the crimes were committed in less than an hour, what led up to her killing her children had been building for almost two years she had said.Odd family dynamics, fundamentalist religious beliefs, clinical care that was fragmented at best, and the quirks and inadequacies of the American medical-insurance system all had some role in the Yates' family tragedy. The case also highlighted the lack of recognition of the potentially deadly consequences of postnatal disorders, and the limitations of the justice system in dealing with individuals who are mentally ill. Andrea Yates b egan to show signs of mental illness shortly after the birth of her first child, when she had a hallucination that involved a stabbing.After the birth of her fourth child, she attempted suicide by taking an overdose of sedatives. She was taken to hospital, but was eventually discharged before her symptoms were resolved because her insurance company limited the number of days of inpatient care it would pay for. She was prescribed antidepressants, but did not take them. In a second suicide attempt, she held a knife against her throat and began to mutilate herself and heard voices that told her to â€Å"get a knife†.When she became near catatonic, doctors suggested electroconvulsive therapy, but the family rejected this option. Finally, she received a drug cocktail containing an antipsychotic agent. The medication was apparently effective, but Andrea believed she had been given â€Å"truth serum†, which caused her to lose control of herself. Despite a psychiatrist's warni ng that having another child would more than likely provoke another psychotic episode, the Yates had a fifth child.The implication was that Andrea had got the idea for her actions from the television program. However, no such episode had ever aired. This was the false testimony, a mistake Dietz acknowledged, on which the case was eventually overturned and a new trial granted. Rusty Yates, Andrea’s husband, divorced his wife and remarried. Andrea's commitment to a state mental institution is subject to court supervision and is reviewed periodically but chances are she will remain in a mental hospital for the rest of her life.Several professional communities have used Andrea's case to try to prevent a similar tragedy from occurring. The Mental Health Association of Greater Houston established the Yates Children Memorial Fund to educate the public about issues affecting women's mental health after birth and the effect of post pardum depression and disorders. In 2003, the Texas s tate legislature passed the Andrea Yates Bill. The bill requires all providers of prenatal care to give new mothers information about resources available to help them with postnatal depression.

Albrecht Durer Biography

Albrecht Durer Biography Essay Durer was a goldsmith, he had come from Germany to Nurembourg in 1455 and married Barbara Holper. Barbaras father was Albrechts master. Albrecht was his fathers third son. He was named Albrecht because of a family tradition which he has been the third representative so far. Albrecht had three brothers named Laszlo, Albrecht, and Ajtos. Albrecht was apprenticed to his father at the age of 13. His father introduced him to the working with metal and the use of tools with laid the ground work for his skill of engraving. He also learned painting from his father at the age of 13. He preferred to draw and paint than to goldsmithing. He painted a self portrait of himself at 13. This self-portrait took the careful and the accurate work of all of the details to some him his artistic talent. In 1486, Albrechts father sent him to learn painting and wood working from Michael Wolgemut. Michael Wolgemut was a spectacular painter and woodcut illustrator. In Michael W. s busy shop Albrecht learned the fundamentals of drawing, painting, and wood cutting. Albrecht also helped Micheal W. make some illustrations for books. Michael W. probably took Albrecht to the Netherlands, Basel, Stratsbourg, and in 1492 to Colmar in Alsace. Albrecht spent so much time with him he called him his second father. His main attraction was to see the master, Martin Schongauer. Who at the time was the leading German graphic artist of the time. On the way there Albrecht found out the master had died. On his arrival Martins brothers showed him prints, drawings, and Schongauers perfect engravings from the masters workshop. The prints, drawings, and engravings had a big influence on Albrechts work. Albrecht then went to Basel to stay with another brother of Schongauer, who conducted a goldsmith workshop there. Basel was the center of graphic production and book publishing at the time. In Basel Albrecht made many contacts and contributed a signed woodcut for the title page of the Letters of St. Jerome. The success he had from this woodcut probably led to another commission in Basel. In the fall of 1493, Albrecht went to Stratsbourg where he continued to work for publishers. In the end of May 1494 Albrecht returned to Nurembourg. In July 7, 1494 the 23 year old painter married Agnes Frey. Agnus was the daughter of a merchant. Not long after his marriage in the fall of 1494 he took his first trip to Italy. This visit enabled him to see his good friend Willard Pirckheimer who introduced Albrecht to humanist thought and classical literature. Albrecht spent most of his time of his first trip in Venice, Italy. There he met Jacopo deBarbari. deBarbari whose figures constructed to geometrical methods and proportions inspired Albrecht to live a lifelong study of theoretical writings. In Venice, Albrecht made drawings of exotic figures, animals, and did nature studies. On the ride home Albrecht made a abundant use of his water colors painting the landscape around the Alps. Albrecht returned to Nurembourg by the summer of 1495. With the return of his trip he produced a large amount of paintings and engravings. Albrecht used the medium of engraving because that reflected his theoretical interests. From about 1500 Albrechts concern for the problems of proportion and perspective increased. This action was probably caused by the fresh contacts with the Italian works and study of Vitruvius. In 1502, after a long period of weakness Albrechts father had died. His fathers death had shaken him up a tremendously. Soon after that Albrecht suffered from depression fits and tormenting dreams. â‚ ¬Ã… ¡ His appetite for work had not been impaired due to his father. READ: The Painting of the Sistine Chapel EssayHe continued to work like nothing had happened. The Adam and Eve painting in 1504 showed a lot of his techniques of engraving and the construction of geometrical methods of male and female figures. The painting Paumgartner Altarpiece shows a proportional emphasis on the view of proportions. Throughout Albrechts career he produced portraits of family, friends and patrons. Albrecht painted 2 important self-portraits called Prado Madrid and Alte Pinakothek, Munich. In 1505, Albrecht drew Crowned Death on a Thin Horse, the plague epidemic inspired this painting. Because of this plague Albrecht immediately departured from Italy in the summer of 1505. At the age of 34 he was fully matured and successful with his career. After Albrecht stopped in Augsburg he went to Venice to develop his painting style. Although many people admired his paintings they said he was not as antique enough. Only Giovanni Bellini commended him of his work. Albrechts highest achievement at the time was Feast of the Rose Garlands, which was ordered by the German merchants in Venice. In this painting he combined the richness of Venetian color and the vast of Italian compositions. Albrecht returned to his home of Nurembourg in February 1507. A long time patron, Frederick the Wise entitled him to paint an altarpiece showing the execution of 10,000 Christians by a Persian king. Albrecht had already made a woodcut of that subject but now he also painted it. For a couple of more years he continued to paint requests for people. Albrecht started a series of wood cuts of The Life of the Virgin. These were a series of legendary stories about the virgin. Albrecht made his wood cuts and figures move easily in the third dimension Albrechts Life of the Virgin series agreed with his growing concern for geometric form. In his figures and wood cuts you can see the perfect work done with a ruler and compass. You can also see his admiration with the Platonic notion of the human figure. Platonic notion is the human body drawn with mathematical formulas. In his painting The Fall of Man Albrecht went through a hard time trying to achieve a geometrical figure of two beings known as man and woman. After many years of practicing geometrical figures Albrecht learned how to paint several strands of hair with just one stroke. Giovanni Bellini, one of Albrechts admirer asked him to make a present of one of his brushes he draws the strands of hair with. Bellini was surprised when he saw the brush. Bellini said that the brissels must be separated or divided to draw several strands of hair at once. Albrecht said that he drew it with a form of symmetry. In 1505, Nurembourg was hit with another plague sending bodies down the street in carts. In that late summer Albrecht left again to go to Venice. Albrecht left his wife behind and his assistants to take care of his shop. This time he did not have enough money to go so he had to borrow from Pirckheimer to make the journey. He traveled in luxury, this time he went with horses and a quantity of baggage that included his portraits he planned to sell. Albrecht sold most of his paintings to Italy. In Venice, Albrecht bought a Italian coat with the money he got from the paintings. He also took some dance lessons at a local school with a fine man he met. Albrecht met many new friends everywhere he went. Albrechts only disappointment of the trip was when he found some gray hairs on his head. Albrecht wrote to Pirckheimer saying to take care of his family and to lend money to his mom if she needed it. He also included to inform him to not make love to his wife. READ: The Buck Stops (and Starts) at Business Schools EssayAlbrecht also told Perckheimer that he is not supposed to take drinks or eat from any of the Venetian painters because they all try to copy his work and they are my enemies. In 1509, Albrecht returned home and was elected as a member of Nurembourgs Grand Council. This was a group of 200 men of wealth who sometimes added to their number fellow citizens who had distinguished themselves in other ways. Albrechts new position did not interfere with his artistic production. Back in his workshop he continued to work on the Fall of Man engraving. This engraving was the picture of Adam and Eve standing with the animals. Albrecht changed his method from geometrical construction to the first pair of human beings. The year 1511 was very extraordinary for Albrecht. In that one year he published all of his greatest woodcut series like The Apocalypse, The Large Passion, and The Life of a Virgin. In 1513, Albrecht was mainly concentrating on engraving. He made a charcoal engraved self-portrait of his mother with a personal, tender message. Albrecht was also busy making a huge woodcut Triumphal Procession and Triumphal Arch. In July 1520, Albrecht and his wife took a trip to the Netherlands to see emperor, Charles V. He also had to find new markets for his work. Albrecht did not have good success in the Netherlands but he did meet fellow artists. Albrecht left within a year and produced a number of portrait engravings in Nurembourg. On April 6, 1528, the 57 year old died. At his death his theoretical treaties were not fully completed. Some of them were already published. According to Albrecht, capturing the beauty of the human body is the most meaningful aim of art. But this cannot be realized without knowledge of proportion and anatomy, and only through geometry can be true beauty be known.

Confusion and Loss of Direction in the 1960s Essay

Confusion and Loss of Direction in the 1960s - Essay Example Released in 1970, the album Let It Be includes popular songs such aslike Let It Be, The Long and Winding Road, Two of Us and Dig a Pony, among others (Beatles 1970). Despite the different topics and situations that the songs present, they commonly project common themes, particularly, confusion and loss of direction of the personas. Confusion and loss of direction are fairly common topics in the music of the 1960s andup to the 70s. Ritzen (2005) and Fendrich (1993) confirm this general atmosphere, which may be attributed to the wars of the time. In the songs of the Beatles, confusion occurs as a main theme, especially in the song Let It Be (Beatles 1970). The song begins with the lines, â€Å"When I find myself in times of trouble, Mother Mary comes to me. Speaking words of wisdom, let it be† ((Let It Be; lines 1-3). The persona expresses being in trouble and seeking divine intervention. The statement, â€Å"let it be† further shows the persona's inability to decide by him and get over with his troubles. Confusion and loss of direction in the songs of the Beatles is mostly associated with travelling, being on transit, or going around in circles. This theme is strongly reflected by the song, Two of Us (Beatles 1970). The song begins with the following lines: Two of us riding nowhere spending someone's Hhard earned pay (Two of Us; lines 1–3) In the lines above, the persona does not know where to go and implies having no goal in life. In the song, Dig a Pony, the persona also demonstrates having no place to go and not thinking of what islies ahead (Beatles 1970). These feelings are expressed in the lines, â€Å"Well you can penetrate any place you go/Yes you can penetrate any place you go† (Dig a Pony; lines 6-7).

The prevention of perioperative infection in elderly patients Essay

The prevention of perioperative infection in elderly patients - Essay Example 27). The United States reports perioperative infection caused deaths at 97,000 per year (Schneider, 2006). The Institute of Medicine qualified those results further, estimating that between 44,000 and 98,000 of those reported deaths occurred as a direct result of medical errors (Watson, 2006, p. 22). Even in England, amidst our own medical facilities where our own health care professionals practise stringent infection control, these preventable infections occur far too often. Recently, Britain's most senior doctor, Sir Liam Donaldson, reported death risk due to medical error at 1 in 300 (Hall). This includes patients having contracted infections within the hospital settings. "Between 5% and 10% of patients admitted to modern hospitals in the developed world acquire one or more infections, with at least 5,000 deaths directly attributed to healthcare-acquired infections in England each year" (Hall, 2006). Older people are a specific demographic at risk for perioperative infections due to their higher incidence of diabetes and hypertension, and their immunological systems particularly susceptible to the adverse affects of prolonged smoking and obesity. While caring for elderly patients and assessing their likelihood at incurring surgery-related infections, there are a number of risk factors that should be assessed. Infection control entails hospital procedures both prior to surgery and utilisation of infection control programmes throughout surgery. There are also specific practises for complex procedures maintained in orthopaedics and cardiothoracic surgeries by Multi Disciplinary Teams. All hospital personnel must take care to follow infection control procedures and be aware of avenues and risk factors for infections, in order that older patients are cared for effectively and their infections prevented. Risk factors in older people Older people are more at risk from infection during hospitalisation due to their oftentimes immunological compromised status. Immunological debility in elderly patients arises in a variety of settings for multiple reasons. It has been shown that arriving to surgery from elderly health-care facilities is a significant indicator of perioperative and postoperative infection (Lee, 2006). This is logical due to the very fact that health-care facilities house the most compromised patients in the older persons demographic. To explain this further, it is certain that patients with diabetes, overweight patients, and obese patients have an increased risk of infection (Preventing, 2006). Likewise, poor nutrition and lack of activity cause patients to be immunocompromised. But it is not only older patients in health care facilities that warrant attention from the health industry. Studies show than anyone above 60 year of age may be at a higher risk of perioperative infection (Pugliese, 2005). The National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (NCEPOD) maintains a practise of reviewing data reported on specific demographic groups each year. The NCEPOD's work is the collection of information on patients who die within 30 days of a surgical procedure (Kmietowicz, 1999, p. 1324). Due to the seemingly unnecessary incidence of death among the aging demographic, the 1999 report specified more care for the elderly. This prudent step seems

Sustainable Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Sustainable Business Development - Essay Example Zipcar can be taken as a service which causes such environmental implications. It is a car sharing club located in United Kingdom. As per figure1 there exists series of steps to be focused on while manufacturing cars. In this process metals has to be extracted and ores need to be dug from the ground. These raw materials are then transformed into parts. There are other parts that are transported to assembly unit like paint, rubber tyres, plastic dashboards, etc. The entire transportation process encompasses consumption of energy. A medium size car production results into emission of approximately 17 tonnes of carbon dioxide. The major environmental impacts caused by car production are in terms of waste water discharge, solid waste generated in manufacturing units which is disposed to landfill, emission of volatile organic compounds to air, energy consumption, large amount of waste generation, etc. Greenhouse gases are strongly emitted during the production phase of Cars (Harrington and McConnell, 2003). It has been witnessed that waste is generated in large amounts starting from extracting of raw materials to fi nal packaging. Figure 2 clearly states that production volume country wise has increased over a given time frame. This sudden increase in volume has caused drastic impact on the environment. On the other hand, enhanced consumption rate is another aspect which has contributed towards production increase. However in recent scenario level of Car sales has returned back to normal level as denoted in figure 3. The consistent demand towards Car consumption has caused drastic impacts on environment. In overall context, the major pollutants discharged by Cars are greenhouse gases. Burning of fuel within Car emits large amount of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere which is harmful for human body as well as atmosphere. Global warming is the final result of such emissions (Kagawa, 2011). Noise pollution is also another factor related to Car consumption

Iran's nuclear possession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Iran's nuclear possession - Essay Example rguments "for" nd "ginst" Irn's power to use nucler wepon re provided s well s conclusions bout the issue given in the end of the pper. Irn is the poster-child for the nexus of terrorism nd WMD. It is the world's foremost stte-sponsor of terrorism, s well s one of the countries most ctively pursuing nucler wepons. Wshington is vigilnt bout Irn's support for network of Islmist terrorist orgniztions nd persistent in pressing Irn to end its finncil, politicl, mteril, nd opertionl support to them. Recently, Bush nd the Pentgon hve clled Irn "rogue ntion" ( Third World stte tht possesses wepons of mss destruction nd sponsors terrorism). Irn is depicted s sort of regime, supposedly pursuing nucler, chemicl nd biologicl wepons cpbility nd missile delivery systems, tht justifies the building of missile defences. Like North Kore, the Pentgon in fct needs Irn to ct "s the bd guy" nd hs little interest right now in ltering its "behviour". Current president of Irn, Mhmoud hmdinejd, ws not much better known when he entered the presidentil election cmpign, lthough he hd lredy mde his mrk s Tehrn myor for rowing bck on erlier reforms. Since his election he hs tken tough stnd on number of foreign policy mtters, in line with his hrd-line bckground. His comments tht Isrel should be "wiped off the mp" nd tht the Holocust ws "myth" drew widespred condemntion from the West. However, to proceed with tht gol, president needs tobe empowered to ct nd mke decisions, which in Irn is n unlimited option since Irn's Islmic constitution provides n extrordinry concentrtion of executive power not in the hnds of the elected president but in those of the Supreme Leder, or vli-ye fqih, ppointed by council of clerics dominted by hrd-liners. In fct, the Irnin president wields less rel power thn perhps ny other elected chief executive in the world. This new constitution defines the Islmic Republic s new kind of stte, one ruled by qulified Islmi c jurists until the missing Twelfth Imm, the lst rightful ruler who disppered in 941, mkes his nticipted return to erth to usher in the ge of perfect justice. rguments ginst Irn obtining nucler power Militnt Islm is tody's engine of interntionl terror. Islmist schools breed new militnt genertion, Islmist sermons mobilize opinion ginst the free world, Islmist ideology legitimizes recourse to terror nd Islmist "chrities" bnkroll the globl network of terror. While most Muslim sttes re wre of this thret to the world nd their own stbility, there is one tht is ctully governed by Islmists: The Islmic Republic of Irn. Therefore, the principl component of the wr ginst terrorism should be the wr ginst mitnt Islm, which over the lst 20 decdes hs been inspired, nurtured, nd funded by the Islmic Government of Irn. The demise of the clericl regime in Irn would go long wy in "drining the swmp" of militncy nd rdiclism in the broder Muslim world with enormous geopoliticl consequences for U.S. ntionl security interests. Therefore, the permnent success of this cmpign rests on regime chnge in Irn. In short, the United Sttes fces

Olympic Promoters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Olympic Promoters - Essay Example The promoters have now become one of the most aspects of any brand event, product or service. It is actually the promoters positioning strategies which contribute to the success or the failure of it. The following pages will examine a lot more of the same segment. Promoters, Olympic Games, Sponsorship patterns and a lot are discussed to be able to answer our basic investigation question: CAN TODAY'S OLYMPICS PROMOTERS UTILISE THE ONE-BRAND POSITIONING STRATEGIES TO INCREASE CONSUMER INTEREST The element of Sponsorship has been explained by lots, but for the most part the connotation can be driven from Meenaghan (1983). A sponsor plays a role in of an investor, investing through money or else kind to some kind of spare time activity, any sport or else Arts linked. Moreover, the sponsored event is not a facet of the key saleable task of the sponsor or else it becomes advertising, relatively than sponsorship plus the sponsor assumes a revisit with reference to promotion. Busby (1997) viewed sponsorship as a trade association amid the source of the means, wealth or services with a person, affair or else business. The source is given privileges and alliance with the character or incident in turn for the money, wares otherwise services that have been offered. With reference to the volume of the international outlay on sponsorship, most of the sponsoring agencies have displayed an enhancement in their expenses of an approximate16 percent in the year 1996, plus a 10 percent boost in 1997 (Busby, 1997). The causes for the increase in sponsorship during the earlier periods have been mainly owed to the legislative and profitable matters. A lot of countries have limited the publicity of specific goods considered as publicly unwanted, like alcohol, plus sponsorship has also turned into an unusual way of support. Additionaly , the fund cuts for the arts otherwise the sporting events have enforced these trades to look for viable support hold up in addition to sponsorship turning into a vital standard trait of the sporting occasion , particularly the Olympic Games, which would not be potential with no sponsorship. The additional issues cheering sponsorships consist of: tax settlements that have been instituted during the years permitting corporations to declare conclusions for sponsorship reserves (Wolton, 1988); augmented spare time guiding the way towards further happenings that the modes are willing to envelop plus corporations appreciating that the sponsorship of these proceedings is a n efficient means to get in touch with the clients during their spare time (Meenaghan, 1991). 1.2 The Efficacy of Sponsorships Sponsorship desires to be included with further matters of advertising communications plus advertising strategy. The researches that have been carried out during the past, hint towards the fact that major basis corporations grow to be implicated in sponsorship is to expand media reporting for the sponsor's corporation, artifact or else a meticulous brand. Sponsorship is now and then baffled with publicity however, as

Federal Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal Contracts - Essay Example This move is extremely essential for small entrepreneurs to expand their businesses. This paper analyzes the federal act support for small businesspersons with the aim of expanding their businesses. It further provides an organizational chart that supports working with the federal contracting system. Federal Contracts under a given Business Development Program Federal government only provides support to businesspersons or prime contractors that are performing at least one active EPA contract. In addition, they must also be eligible for the award of federal contracts. The other parties who are bound to receive assistance are companies whose corporate policy is to promote, develop and implement subcontracting opportunities for the sector of socioeconomic. In order to help such small businesses that are still starting, but have a viable idea; the SBA came up with the 8(a) Business Development Program. What is the 8(a) Business Development Program? Business Development Program is assista nce program for small-disadvantaged businesspersons with bigger ideas. This program also offers a broad scope of assistance to firms under people who are economically disadvantaged. ... Business Development Program Benefits The Business Development Program assists inspiring entrepreneurs greatly since participants being able to receive sole-source contracts of roughly $4 million for goods and services. Concerning manufacturing, the participants receive a total of $6.5 million, which is to assist in establishment and expansion of already existing business. Additionally, as much as this program helps, 8(a) still assists in building of competitive advantage. This program also helps in the improvement of institutional expertise by assisting participants to take part in competitive acquisitions (Ralph & John, 1995). Firms under 8(a) program are capable of forming joint ventures that assist them in teaming up to bid contracts. This process enhances the ability of most firms to perform larger prime contracts and overcome the effects of contract bundling. It is also possible for such companies to combine and form one large contract as highlighted in the Mentor Protege Progr am. There are usually the requirements and the objectives of the 8(a) Business Development Program, which involves graduation of firms to higher notch of competitive advantage. This process assures organizations of thriving in competitive business environment. The goal of this program is to help firms maintain balance between their commercial and government businesses. As stipulated in the NAICS code, it also provides the limit on the amount of dollar value of sole-source contracts that individual participant is likely to receive while taking part in the program, which is roughly $100 million. The requirements include the following: a) Systematic evaluations b) Yearly reviews c) Business planning

1900s Immigration Cruelty Essay Example for Free

1900s Immigration Cruelty Essay For immigrants, life was as bad in America as it was in their homeland. Immigrants faced equally rough conditions no matter where they were. Life was terribly unfair to them. When life got as bad as it did for immigrants, as anyone would, they wanted to distance themselves from the problems. America seemed like the most ideal place to go. Unfortunately, life was no better there than it had been. Even in a prosperous land, immigrants still faced racism and rough conditions. Their lives were full of obstacles. Immigrants emigrated for a variety of reasons, some political, others to escape war, or (in the case of the Irish) famine, but they all emigrated for one common reason; their lives were terrible. People would not leave their family and entire lives behind unless things had gotten so bad that they absolutely had to in order to survive. â€Å"We must look at what immigration to America involves. To the new arrivals, the change is excruciating. Learning a new language and dealing with strange customs make the first years of life in the new land painful The economic system of the United States is a mighty engine of persuasion. It motivates people to do what otherwise they never would †. John Lacs references to this in his essay From Enemies to Neighbors, which explains the troubles with immigrantion. (Lacs) Immigrants faced horrifying conditions, some were near death from lack of food, others were being hunted, or some had just ran out of money; but, they all decided they needed to leave. In the early 1900s, the Irish were in the middle of a famine, Eastern Europeans were facing economic issues, and Jews from all over Europe were being persecuted. Greedy American business owners thought up a way to capitalize on their misfortune, fliers and pamphlets were shipped to troubled countries all over the world by the thousands, these advertised a glorious, prosperous life in America, immigrants were offered large amounts of cheap land. The streets of America were said to be paved with gold. Sounds like a great opportunity to leave behind a hard life, right? (Eyewitness) (Lipford, Timmer, Stephenson, Kwan) Wrong. Life in America was just as bad. The journey over was horrific, immigrants spent months in dank, rat invested ships; but, immigrants hought, â€Å"life will be better when we arrive, right? †. Wrong again, an Italian immigrant said, â€Å"I came to America because I heard the streets were paved with gold. When I got here, I [learned] three things. First, the streets [were not] paved with gold; second, they [were not] paved at all; third, I was expected to pave them†. Upon arriving in America, immigrants were forced to live in shacks, basements, or the horrendous tenements. Good work was difficult to find, when any work was found it was generally backbreaking work for mere pennies a day. A Chinese rail worker said, â€Å"Two extra hours a day, sixty extra hours a month for four dollars. A human body [can not] work that way. † Immigrants lived in slums and ate slop for food. In short, life was not good. At least in their homeland they were not ostracized and ridiculed for the way they dressed, spoke, and acted, as they were in America. Many immigrants were considered worse, if not as bad as the slaves that had been brought to America in its early years. Many immigrants who were Caucasian were called â€Å"white niggers†. When immigrants came to America, they were stripped of their rights. They could not vote, become citizens, or even live in certain neighborhoods or states. This hate towards immigrants was legally sanctioned. This was a shock to many, they had been used to being allowed these simple liberties and now had none of them. (Lipford, Timmer, Stephenson, Kwan) The immigrants of the early 1900s moved for a reason, in their homeland life was not kind to them. Once they arrived in America, they learned something; life was generally just as bad here as it had been back in their native country. Granted, life did improved slightly; because, life was difficult for different reasons. In their homelands, the threat of death was immediate, some did not know whether they would be alive one day, or dead the next. Dictators, enemies or mother nature were trying to kill them. In America, even though there was no famine or dictators, they still had other races, or racist clans and prejudice Americans making life a difficult one. Immigrants already had enough trouble immersing themselves in a completely different culture with completely different customs, without racists tormenting them everywhere they went. Food was abundant, usually poor quality slop, if you could pay for it. Immigrants were notorious to work incredibly hard for mere scraps. This injustice still occurs, even today in uch a modernized age, the work of poor immigrants is exploited so factory owners and businessmen can make a quick buck. Immigrants were nearly killed at home, just to take an awful journey to a prejudice country where businessmen and con artists swindled them out of the little money they had. Willa Cathers book My Antonia, describes this perfectly. In her book, a poor immigrant family arrives in america, only to pay ridiculous prices for simple things, swindling these poor trusting people out of their tiny savings (My Antonia). Immigrants usually lived in places generally worse than before, and had about the same amount of food. Life was equally repulsive no matter where these poor souls went. (Eyewitness) In the long run, life was really no better than it had previously been. Even though life had been rough for different reasons, the level of difficultly was very close to the same. The life of an immigrant was not a good one, it may have improved slightly, but in a long term point of view, things were no better. Regardless of whether immigrants were in America, or living in their original countries, their lives did not improve. No matter where they were, life was hard.

Definition And Analysis Of Marine Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Definition And Analysis Of Marine Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay INTRODUCTION The word pollution means the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. The definition of Marine Pollution also can describe as the adding of toxins and harmful chemicals into the ocean, not only is it chemicals added to the ocean but things such as plastic are also found. One of the main problems is that when many of these particles are placed into the ocean, they are quickly eaten by the smaller fish, these fish that are lower down the food chain are then eaten by larger predators, therefore most fish are been toxicated by these harmful and dangerous chemicals. HISTORY 2. June 8th is World Ocean Day. It was first declared on June 8, 1992 at the Earth Summit, Rio de Jeneiro in Brazil. This declaration is to raise awareness about the importance of the sea to human life. Although marine pollution has a long history, significant international laws to counter it were enacted in the twentieth century. Marine pollution was a concern during several United Nations Conferences on the  Law of the Sea beginning in the 1950s. Most scientists believed that the oceans were so vast that they had unlimited ability to dilute, and thus render harmless, pollution. 3. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were several controversies about dumping radioactive waste off the coasts of the United States by companies licensed by the  Atomic Energy Commission, into the Irish Sea from the British reprocessing facility at  Windscale, and into the Mediterranean Sea by the French  Commissariat à   lEnergie Atomique. After the Mediterranean Sea controversy, for example,  Jacques Cousteaubecame a worldwide figure in the campaign to stop marine pollution. Marine pollution made further international headlines after the 1967 crash of the oil tanker  Torrey Canyon, and after the 1969  Santa Barbara oil spill  off the coast of California. 4. Marine pollution was a major area of discussion during the 1972  United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm. That year also saw the signing of the  Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, sometimes called the London Convention. The London Convention did not ban marine pollution, but it established black and gray lists for substances to be banned (black) or regulated by national authorities (gray). Cyanide and high-level radioactive waste, for example, were put on the black list. The London Convention applied only to waste dumped from ships, and thus did nothing to regulate waste discharged as liquids from pipelines. 5. Do we know that the sea was so amazing role as a buffer?  It sustain the heat, the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and pollutants to offset the climate of the earth so protecting people from sudden changes in the Earths temperature increases due to the modernization process. 6. Adverse effects will occur globally and is fast but can not be seen with the naked eye.  Unfortunately the cause of human blindness is more proud of the many activities continue to destroy the sea.Plastic waste, industrial waste and oil identified as the main self-centered man who harassed and then kill marine life and habitat. Even in small concentrations, toxic components of these contaminants can impede the ability of marine life to flourish and grow. PLASTIC DEBRIS 7. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marine debris is  plastic   a component that has been rapidly accumulating since the end of World War II.  The mass of plastic in the oceans may be as high as one hundred million metric  tons. Drastic improvement from the plastic-based marine pollution in the 1940s is now the issue is so acute.  Each year tens of thousands of marine creatures were killed or disabled as a result of plastic.  In fact, studies have found that at least 30,000 wildlife trapped or suffocated to death. 8. In the eyes of marine wildlife including seabirds, turtles and whales, the suspension looks like plastic food animals that eventually killed due to choking, poisoning, or do not feel like eating because of feeling of fullness. In addition, nets, ropes, fishing lines and hooks and eyes, and stuck a chain-foot accidentally left many anglers also kill marine life.  At least an estimated 77 tonnes of plastic waste disposed of each year based on the shipping industry. While the commercial fishing industry has been left 135 million pounds of plastic-based fishing gear and throw another 24 million pounds of plastic waste into the sea.  This means that the sea has become garbage bins should be taken into account by waste from other sources, including land. 9. While the issue is, a biodegradable plastic material is very difficult and may remain in the marine environment up to 450 years. The fact that toxic difficult to unravel due to the longer life expectancy than through the food web and cause the toxic cumulative poison marine animals, particularly shellfish. 10. In Malaysia, the pollution of industrial waste that flows into the sea, especially in the industrial states of Penang, Selangor and Johor have to be considered.  This is because the pollution could affect marine life and the next source of food and the traditional fishing economy. For example, local shellfish contain heavy metals of lead and other toxic high up as case studies institute of higher learning (IPT) for local and foreign.  In fact, many may recall, not long ago there were countries that had prevented the importation of shellfish from this country. 11. Due to other shellfish farmers in Sungai Juru, Pulau Pinang, the main producer of cockles, it has been reported that half of the revenue losses due to dead shells, blocked or disabled as a result of sea water quality in the state which is too bad. In fact, mussel farming is actually a branch of the major aquaculture countries, with production of 40,000 tonnes in 1991. SHIP POLLUTION 12. Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways.  Discharge of cargo residues from  bulk carriers  can pollute ports, waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation prohibiting such actions. It has been estimated that  container ships  lose over 10,000  containers  at sea each year (usually during storms). Ships also create  noise pollution  that disturbs natural wildlife, and water from  ballast  tanks can spread harmful  algae  and other  invasive species. 13. Ballast water  taken up at sea and released in port is a major source of unwanted exotic marine life. Theinvasive  freshwater zebra mussels, native to the Black, Caspian and Azov seas, were probably transported to the Great Lakes via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel.  Meinesz believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless  jellyfish.  Mnemiopsis leidyi, a species of comb jellyfish that spread so it now inhabits estuaries in many parts of the world. It was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been transported to the  Black Sea  in a ships ballast water. The population of the jellyfish shot up exponentially and, by 1988, it was wreaking havoc upon the local  fishing industry. The  anchovy  catch fell from 204,000 tons in 1984 to 200 tons in 1993;  sprat  from 24,600 tons in 1984 to 12,000 tons in 1993; horse  mackerel  from 4,000 tons in 1984 to zer o in 1993.  Now that the jellyfish have exhausted the  zooplankton, including fish larvae, their numbers have fallen dramatically, yet they continue to maintain a stranglehold on the  ecosystem. 14. Invasive species  can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce new  genetic  material, alter underwater seascapes and jeopardize the ability of  native species  to obtain food. Invasive species are responsible for about $138  billion annually in lost revenue and management costs in the US alone. OIL SPILL 15. Oil spills  can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life,  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAHs), the components in  crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the  sediment  and marine environment. 16. Destructive effects of oil spills are very difficult to be identified.  This is because the impact on marine life is not visible to the naked eye and do not cause immediate changes in the economy. 17. The worst oil spill in the history of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez in 1989, which broke and spilled over 35,000 tons of crude oil in the waters of Prince Wiilian Sound in Alaska.  Oil has not only includes more than 2,300 square kilometers of sea and even in the past three days, 50 percent of its oil off the coast of the precipitate. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of marine life, including 13 percent of the population of seals, 28 percent of the population of sea otters, and up to 645,000 sea birds. 18. Moreover, the fact that large-scale oil spill into one of the richest marine ecosystems with biodiversity of the world have caused an uproar around the world and caused many controversies. Whats more, studies show after 15 years of healing the affected area is still too slow.  It is not worth the huge cost of U.S. $ 3 billion that was spent to clean up the spill. 19. This shows that there is no method or technology for cleaning and conservation of large-scale oil spills after effective.  This tragedy is proof that large-scale oil spill is destroyed. 20. In addition, the Persian Gulf is the most polluted sea.  One of the dozens of oil rigs destroyed bombarded during the Iran-Iraq War, for example, has shed a total of 172 tonnes of crude oil every day for almost three months. The biggest oil spill catastrophe in world history happened only a few years later during the 1991 Gulf War.  This time around 800,000 tonnes of crude oil spilled causing over 570 kilometers of the coast of Saudi Arabia and oil covered the sea bed. 21. Thus, after 16 years of awareness about the marine Kanwil publicized throughout the world, how we respond to this issue now?  We forgotten that the role of the ocean as a supplier of basic human needs such as food, oxygen and greater water beyond the role of terrestrial ecosystems? EUTROPHICATION 22. Eutrophication  is an increase in chemical  nutrients, typically compounds containing  nitrogen  orphosphorus, in an  ecosystem. It can result in an increase in the ecosystems  primary productivity (excessive plant growth and decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. 23. The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the ocean, and with it the many chemicals used asfertilizers  in agriculture as well as waste from  livestock  and  humans. An excess of oxygen depleting chemicals in the water can lead to  hypoxia  and the creation of a  dead zone. 24. Estuaries  tend to be naturally eutrophic because land-derived nutrients are concentrated whererunoff  enters the marine environment in a confined channel. The  World Resources Institute  has identified 375 hypoxic coastal zones around the world, concentrated in coastal areas in Western Europe, the Eastern and Southern coasts of the US, and East Asia, particularly in Japan.  In the ocean, there are frequent  red tide  algae blooms  that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore. 25. In addition to  land runoff, atmospheric  anthropogenic  fixed nitrogen  can enter the open ocean. A study in 2008 found that this could account for around one third of the oceans external (non-recycled) nitrogen supply and up to three per cent of the annual new marine biological production.  It has been suggested that accumulating reactive nitrogen in the environment may have consequences as serious as putting carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION 26. Much  anthropogenic  pollution  ends up in the ocean. Bjorn Jennssen (2003) notes in his article, Anthropogenic pollution may reduce biodiversity and productivity of marine ecosystems, resulting in reduction and depletion of human marine food resources (p. A198). There are two ways the overall level of this pollution can be mitigated: either the human population is reduced, or a way is found to reduce the  ecological footprint  left behind by the average human. If the second way is not adopted, then the first way may be imposed as world  ecosystems  falter. 27. The second way is for humans, individually, to pollute less. That requires social and political will, together with a shift in awareness so more people respect the environment and are less disposed to abuse it. At an operational level, regulations, and international government participation is needed. It is often very difficult to regulate marine pollution because pollution spreads over international barriers, thus making regulations hard to create as well as enforce. 28. Perhaps the most important strategy for reducing marine pollution is education. Most are unaware of the sources, and harmful effects of marine pollution, and therefore little is done to address the situation. In order to inform the population of all the facts, in depth research must be done to provide the full scale of the situation. Then this information must be made public. 29. As expressed in Daoji and Dags research,[83]  one of the reasons why environmental concern is lacking among the Chinese is because the public awareness is low and therefore should be targeted. Likewise, regulation, based upon such in-depth research should be employed. In California, such regulations have already been put in place to protect Californian coastal waters from agricultural runoff. This includes the California Water Code, as well as several voluntary programs. Similarly, in India, several tactics have been employed that help reduce marine pollution, however, they do not significantly target the problem. In Chennai city, India, sewage has been dumped further into open waters. Due to the mass of waste being deposited, open-ocean is best for diluting, and dispersing pollutants, thus making them less harmful to marine ecosystems. PROTECT 30. In this country, establishing measures of Marine Park Malaysia as a marine protected area since 1994 through the Fisheries Act 1985 was seen as a good beginning for marine conservation efforts.  So far a total of 40 islands of the richest marine biodiversity has been gazetted as marine parks and several more in the study. But the question is to what extent the effective implementation and enforcement of various regulations and laws to achieve the real objective to conserve the sea?  Is the Department of Environment, Fisheries Department, Forestry Department, Department of Marine Park, the Customs Department, Malaysia Tourism, Municipal Councils, Marine Police and other work to manage and maintain the originality of a firm and sustainable ocean? 31. Can the department officers of the shoots to the ground performing the tasks entrusted to protect and find ways to get the best manner of marine exploitation in the interest of mankind in the future? 32. The role is including restricting excessive harvesting of sea, to prevent fishermen from using prohibited fishing gear or illegal, blocking the smuggling and intrusion of foreign fishermen, to prevent the visitors, especially divers who steal and destroy coral reef ecosystems or interfere with the natural life. 33. Method of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is touted for almost 10 years ago, even the marine experts have been detailed by the local institutions of higher learning should be implemented immediately. Lt Mohd Hazfanizam bin Razali TLDM N/404473 menyertai perkhidmatan TLDM pada 20 Jun 2004. Dilahirkan di Bagan Serai, Perak. Diperjawatkan di KD PELANDOK sebagai Pegawai Seksyen Penyelidikan Pembangunan Kawalan Mutu Latihan. 34. If we are really sensitive, this method should be done by applying the expertise of local universities are indeed marine of the best in Asia, in addition to strictly limit any development projects and new industries.

Beowulf as a Hero Essay -- Seamus Heaney

The poem, Beowulf, by Seamus Heaney, depicts Beowulf as a perfect hero. Beowulf is the mythical son of Edgetho and later becomes the king of the Geats. In the poem, Beowulf's shows heroism in two different phases of his life, youth and old age. Throughout the poem, Beowulf faces three difficult conflicts with Grendel, Grendel's mother, and the dragon. Throughout the novel Beowulf is a noted and respected warrior from Geatland. During Beowulf's youth, he is considered to be a great warrior, portrayed by his strength, courage, and bravery. Beowulf begins his legacy in Denmark with an evil monster, Grendel. Grendel is ruining King Hrothgar's kingdom and is ritually tormenting him. The monster breaks into the castle and eats as many of Hrothgar's men as he can hold each night. King Hrothgar calls Beowulf for help because the king has tried everything else. Beowulf arrives with a ship of his warriors to help King Hrothgar in stopping Grendel. King Hrothgar accepts Beowulf's pledge to kill Grendel. Beowulf pledges to face Grendel with, "no weapons, therefore, for either this night; unarmed he shall face me if face me he dares" (47). When Beowulf meets Grendel he fights barehanded and rips his arm off. Beowulf comes back with Grendel's arm. It is hung in the battle hall as a trophy of Beowulf's bravery, courage, and victory over the monster. Beowulf's defeat of Grendel certifies his reputation for bravery and es tablishes him as a full hero. Even though Grendel is dead, the danger has not passed. Grendel's mother comes to King Hrothgar's battle hall. She retrieves, "their trophy, Grendel's bloodied hand" (91). Hrothgar is very disappointed and calls on the hero, Beowulf, once again. Beowulf travels with his men to the fiery lake whe... ...he only one left of the WaegmundingsÂ…Now I must follow them" (189). Wiglaf is the only warrior who stayed to help Beowulf, the rest fled. Therefore, Beowulf leaves Wiglaf to rule his kingdom. Beowulf should be considered a hero because he gives his life to keep his kingdom safe. Beowulf is a great warrior, portrayed by his strength, courage, and bravery. Beowulf also exemplifies the manner and values dictated by the Germanic heroic code. He is considered to be both a warrior and a king. When Beowulf encounters the dragon, the responsibilities of being king are thrown. He must act for the good of his people, not just for his own glory. Throughout the poem, Beowulf holds a good reputation and is respected by the people. Works Cited Beowulf. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed M H Abrams, et al. Vol. 1. Sixth ed. NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1993.

Importance of Nick Carraway, Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Grea

Importance of Nick Carraway, Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby   Ã‚   In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the narrator, Nick Carraway, tells a story in which Jay Gatsby tries to attain happiness through wealth.   Even though the novel is titled after Gatsby, Nick analyzes the actions of others and presents the story so that the reader can comprehend the theme. Throughout the novel, Nick is the vehicle used to gather all of the pieces together to learn about Gatsby.   Nick is the only character that changes in the novel from the beginning to the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nick is the literary device that is employed to learn about Gatsby, which ultimately tells the theme of the story.   Throughout the novel, flashbacks are inserted, courtesy of Nick, to reveal piece by piece about the mysterious Gatsby. Nick patches the pieces of the puzzle together regarding Gatsby's past and lack of a future.  Ã‚   Nick is like the box of a puzzle; the puzzle is impossible to put together without it.   Without Nick, the reader's opinion of Gatsby would be drastically different.   The reader's opinion would be swayed by the idea that Gatsby becomes rich via bootlegging alcohol and counterfeiting bonds.   Nick persuades the observer that Gatsby is "...worth the whole damn bunch (rich class) put together"(Fitzgerald 162).   Even though Gatsby aspires to be part of the upper echelon, he, fortunately, is different from them.   Nick also analyzes Gatsby's behavior in order to provide the reader with details and a summary of the great man.   At the end of the novel, Nick comments on Gatsby's life by stating that "(Gatsby) had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dream must have seem... ...ald 172).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the novel, Nick is instrumental as voice that tells the reader about Gatsby.   "Nick is "both within and without, never really assimilating like the rich" (Chambers 41).   Most importantly, Nick is the only character in the novel that changes.   Nick Carraway is the main character of the novel.   Without Nick, the important allegorical message would not be illustrated:   Money cannot buy love or peace of mind. Works Cited and Consulted: Berman, Ronald. "The Great Gatsby" and Fitzgerald's World of Ideas. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1997. Chambers, John B. The Novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald. London: Macmillan/New York: St Martin's P, 1989.   deKoster, Katie, ed. Readings on "The Great Gatsby." San Diego: Greenhaven, 1998.   Fitzgerald, F. Scott.   The Great Gatsby.   Simon and Schuster Inc., New York: 1991.

Chinese Footbinding :: essays research papers fc

The ancient Chinese custom of footbinding caused severe life-long suffering for the Chinese women involved. When researching the subject of footbinding, one of the difficult things is finding factual knowledge written before the 20th century. Most of the historical data has been gathered from writings, drawings and photographs from the 19th and 20th centuries. Additionally, the research indicates that the historical documentation was mainly from missionary accounts and literature from various anti-footbinding societies. These groups had a bias because of their opposing viewpoints. The first documented reference to footbinding was from the Southern Tang Dynasty in Nanjing (Vento 1). Although the history of footbinding is very vague it lasted for at least one thousand years.Early text referred to the Han Dynasty as people who preferred that the women have small feet (Vento, 1). Vento also acknowledged the first documented reference to actual binding of the feet was from the Tang Dynasty in Nanjing (1). Before the Sung Dynasty Binding was only slightly constricting, allowing for free movement, they were also thought to have used footbinding to suppress women. The Yuan Dynasty introduced binding into the central and southern parts of China. It may have been emphasized to draw a clear cultural distinction between the Chinese and their large footed conquerors, the Mongols. Footbinding was most popular during the Ming Dynasty, if parents cared for their sons they would not go easy on their studies and if they cared for their daughters they would not go easy on their footbinding (Levy, 47-49). One recent study estimated that there are still one million women in China with bound feet. The last Chinese women, still living with bound feet in Hawaii, was in 1994 (Kam, D-6).There are many legends of how footbinding began, one such legend is Lady Yao, a dancer and concubine for Prince Li Yu, danced with such grace that the prince required her to bind her feet to resemble new moons all the time. Another, is that it began out of the sympathy for Empress Taki who had club feet (Aero, 112-113). Although it has not been proven how footbinding started, one of the biggest reasons the practice continued for over 1000 years was it's sexual appeal (Kam, D-1).Humans have shown they will do just about anything- good, evil, or in-between for sex. Footbinding is a very bold issue that many Chinese do not like to talk about.

A time when i ran away

Everybody at school Jeers at me and constantly bullies me. Even the teachers pick on me, because I'm not exactly the brightest student. Everyday I go home battered and bruised yet my parents still don't take a second look at me. I may be shy, but I'm also mysterious, curious and after some thought, and quite a lot of beatings, I decided to try something new, to run away from home. Vive been traveling for ages now, with no insight of where I'm going. The hot sun bears down on me, my lips are parched and I'm desperate for an ice cold drink.I use what little spare change I have, to buy myself a bottle of water, and before I know it Vive gone through the whole thing. I'm exhausted, yet I have no shelter, no food or drink, and worst of all I have no family. I really regret running away. I wish I could Just have a second chance to go back and fix everything. But I know better, that I'm not wanted there, and that they're all probably throwing a party now that Vive left. I realism that I hav e no hope, if I keep on moaning and groaning about what an idiot I am. So, instead I decide to make a plan as to how I can survive.Vive never shoplifted before; it's a completely new concept for me. When I was younger I would always feel guilty about sneaking a few chocolates of the top of the cupboard. So you can see how petrified I am about shoplifting. I try to casually stroll Into Deco's, but I can't keep my heart from thumping so fast, I can't stop the sweat from bucketing down my face. Every aisle has a shop assistant wandering around keeping an eye on everything. I decided to try the confectionery aisle. I sneakily slipped a Fruit Pastilles packet Into my pocket and Just as I done so; I was halted by the assistant.I felt my pulse break; I knew I was in for It. H reached behind himself and took out a sheet. Sprawled out across the front was LOST BOY, with a picture of someone who looked exactly like me. That's when It hit me that I was the lost boy. No words could describe how I was feeling. I dashed out of the store and sprinted all the way home, only to find It completely abandoned. I asked a passer-by where the occupants of my house were. He calmly pointed to the roof and said they hurdled to their death, because of the heartache of losing their missing son.It was at that moment, that I collapsed to the round, and was once again reunited with my family a time when I ran away By Reverberant-Congratulating petrified I am about shoplifting. I try to casually stroll into Deco's, but I can't keep my decided to try the confectionery aisle. I sneakily slipped a Fruit Pastilles packet into knew I was in for it. H reached behind himself and took out a sheet. Sprawled out That's when it hit me that I was the lost boy. No words could describe how I was feeling. I dashed out of the store and sprinted all the way home, only to find it

Pharmacy Sales and Inventory System Essay

Chapter I The Background and its Setting Introduction Time is very important in every people especially when we do our job. We have done all at the correct time so that we can meet the quota of the company every day. It is difficult in doing all things manually particularly when you’ve lack of time to do this, like counting the number of items that are already sold, how much is the total amount and determinable number of the stocks of each medicine. The problem in manual is that, a pharmacy assistant has a great chance to make some errors and fraud in inventory because in the processing of sales and inventory usually begins when a customer bought a medicine over the counter and sometimes they have made a wrong total amount of medicine by means of confusion and crowdedness of the customers. They couldn’t determine faster the number of stocks of each item and the out of stock. Since it is often times that the managers do not have enough time or information to check the items sold and remaining, they don’t even know the exact quantity of stocks of the medicine. For the customer, the main problem is that they are waiting for the pharmacy assistant that is looking for the medicine they intended to buy, if they have the particular brand of medicine that they are buying or are they still have a stock. It is also a waste of time to the part of customer. So the main focus of the study is on how can be easily know the amount and quantity of medicine with less effort to the employee and improve the accurate information in a receipt. This paper shows about the inventory system. The Pharmacy Sales and Inventory system is accessible by an administrator. They can customize the interface which can add, edit, filter, and monitor all stock of medicines in the pharmacy. This system will show all the changes made by the administrator. Background of the Study Today, computer has become a part of life. It is evident that most of the country’s institutions still do not use the high technology. Particularly in  pharmacies, daily transactions, inventories and record of sales are still done on paper. People know that modern pharmacies are now operating at great pace striving to serve as many customers as possible with the best of their abilities. But as the years goes by, the number of customers has grown and various cases arise that the manual method of managing customers’ transactions, inventories and updating sales, is no longer practical. In this study, researchers hope to develop a system that will minimize all works of manual methods, therefore allowing owners ease in updating inventory – a system that is fully automated, user-friendly, time effective and efficient. Owner knows that number of customers continually increase, managing a pharmacy can also become increasingly difficult, especially if everything is done manually. The researcher will tend to make a system for the easier way of providing information about the product bought, sold, and stored. In addition, the system will attempt to provide receipts using the new system to show the effectiveness of modernizing the company’s current system. This system tends to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the process done by the company. The convenience of this new system will help to promote the company as well as to help its employees do an easier task for the enhancement of the system process. Statement of the Problem The study will enhance the existing inventory control system for pharmacies for a better inventory management and to eliminate/reduce risks of errors and fraud. It will seek to answer what enhancement and design the pharmacy can adopt for a more effective and efficient inventory system. The researchers aim to answer the following: 1.Will the system provide satisfaction to pharmacies in terms of: a.Reliability b.Maintainability c.Portability d.Functionality e.Security 2.Does Pharmacy Sales and Inventory System helps pharmacist in their management processes and sales? a.Time Efficiency b.Accuracy c.Convenience 3.Does the system will provide correct and reliable information to the pharmacy? a.Information accuracy b.Data consistency 4.Does the system will help provide good quality of service to customers in terms of: a.Quality of products b.Faster transactions Significance of the Study This system provides more efficient and faster transactions to pharmacies. It will also provide better service to the customers. †¢Pharmacist- improves stock management, because the system automatically tells what products are lacking and expired. †¢Customer- provides faster transaction and less time of waiting because the pharmacist can give all the information of the product. †¢Administrator- enables to improve the control of the system and also enables to improve the design, the efficiency of the system. Theoretical Framework This Inventory System is important for any business particularly in Pharmacies. An inventory system must balance having enough inventories on hand to meet the demand of customers while investing as little money as possible in inventory. The scope of an inventory system considers which needs the inventory system addresses. These include valuing the inventory, measuring the change in inventory and planning for future inventory levels. The value of the inventory at the end of each period provides a basis for financial reporting on the balance sheet. Measuring the change in inventory allows the company to determine the cost of inventory sold during the period. The inventory level and changes allow the company to plan for future inventory needs. This Pharmacy Information System is a computerized system that handles many one of many outpatient functions, such as taking prescription orders, prescription entry, and pricing of the medications, to fill and refill medication, medication inventory, and the financial management and purchasing Conceptual Framework Scope and Limitation This system will focus on the list of the medicine in the pharmacy that will keep the computerized record of the medicines, it will also store the details of the medicines and can print all the records, and all the sales will be stored in the sales history and the changes will be recorded at the change log, so that the community in the place/city will assure in this system. Only the IT personnel can edit the prizes and the stock of medicine and only the pharmacist can access this system. Definition of terms Sales and Inventory System- software-based solution used to simultaneously track sales activity and inventory Pharmacy- a store where medicinal drugs are dispensed and sold Data- fast and statistics collected together for reference or analysis Medicinal Drugs- something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease Pharmacist- a person who is professionally qualified to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs Customer- a person that buys goods or services from a store or business

Leadership and Hilton Group Essay

INTRODUCTION Internationalisation of the hotel industry has reached the top of corporate agendas and many hotel chains began to realise that the international business environment is going to be fundamentally different from that of the past and that their HRM strategies require attention. Organisational leadership are numerous, however, the hospitality sector has received a great deal of attention in these, in particular, the links between leadership and delivery of quality at the point of service. The hospitality sector face particular challenges with regard to motivating service staff, who are often working in less well paid positions but who are of vital importance for effective service delivery. Motivational leaders can address this situation in a number of ways, in particular by: * clarifying and promoting organisational goals; * encouraging employees to work towards these goals; * demonstrating excellent performance; and * providing positive feedback to employees. A large part of Hilton’s famous consistency springs from a global approach to training – with the online â€Å"Hilton University† a prime example. This promotes a set of shared values which in turn creates a feeling of pride in working for the company. A lot of emphasis is placed on coaching General Managers to act as good role models for their staff. Theories of leadership & Motivation: The transactional and transformational leadership theories and their related characteristics and behaviours are going to be explored to insure we have positive and successful data to guide future leaders in the hospitality industry. Transactional Leadership- Leadership through the rewards and punishment Transformational Leadership- Leadership through inspiration, passion, and vision. The transformational/transactional leadership dichotomy was introduced by Downton (1973) in his study of political leadership; to Downton, transformational leadership was characterised by a mutually-motivational relationship between leader and follower. Downton contrasted transformational and transactional leadership in his study of the differences among revolutionary, rebellious, reform-oriented and ordinary leaders. This distinction between transformational and transactional leadership orientations was later utilised by Burns in his seminal work. Leadership which examined the political, social, and psychological dimensions of leadership and examined its moral dimensions using Kohlberg’s hierarchy of moral development. Transactional (ordinary) leadership is based on an exchange relationship in which follower compliance (effort, productivity, loyalty) is exchanged for expected rewards. Implementation strategy of firm established annual goals, policies need advice, to motivate and support staff that prepared the allocation strategy can be executed in the Hilton Group plc. This strategy includes to implement ion of cultural support, creating an effective organizational structure, re-direct marketing efforts, preparing budgets, developing and information system and organizational performance, employee compensation uniting. The Hilton’s structure affects the behaviour of people and employee – between the units rivalry, competition for resources, collaborative spirit, teamwork, internal politics and belief system to all affected how people work, how they approach work and hard work will be of course, their performance. Factors that help in implementation of motivation and leadership Hilton are: EFFECTIVENESS & EFFICIENCY Efficiency and Effectiveness with which infrastructure work is effecting, but more importantly of The Hilton’s how-to organisation serves their customers to effective service. Towards disunity, lack of cross-integration of work and inconsistent behaviour of service customers’ perception will affect. ORAGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Hilton’s organizational culture, basic assumptions, values and belief system of the organization as a whole. Various elements of the organizations own culture can be. That, or can display different valuation, in Conflict with corporate culture. The Hilton’s project team could culture their own informal group who may not fully joint with corporate culture. NATIONAL (CORPORATE) CULTURE The Hilton is a big organizational company so its corporate culture, basic assumptions, values and belief system formally includes the head of an organization coalition. Often this means senior officials and enterprise owners, but staff members (co-operatives) may include Trade unions and government. Basic beliefs, values and beliefs of the founder of an organization can affect an organization’s major coalition organization long after they have left. ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT FOR HILTON GROUP PLC FOR MOTIVATION: The Hilton’s Organization development research we could considered Kurt Lewin’s 3-step model. In this model demonstrated the most effective group norms and consensus decision-making to separate and organisational behaviour. This model it can be also research programmes included load indicators and the effect of group discussion and commitment in changing eating habits. The process of change comprises of three stages:  · Unfreezing: create the initial motivation to change by convincing staff of the undesirability of the present situation;  · The change process itself: mainly concerned with identifying what the new behaviour or norm should be. This stage will often involve new information being communicated and new attitudes, culture and concepts being adopted.  · Refreezing or stabilising the change: implying reinforcement of the new pattern of work or behaviour by rewards (praise etc.). Develop the belief that the changed situation satisfies organisational and personal values. 1. We can show steps include in plan revolution processes.As a cyclical process of an Organisation Development research change is shown. Round circle working with clients and representative of change recruited by the work begins with a series of planning. A primary diagnosis of the main component of this stage, data collection, outcome feedback, and added combine action plan. In the language of systems article, this step contribution, the customer systems as yet unknown is alert of the problems, shows the effect of changes required to help output, maybe the problem-solving and agency process is with the ordinary stock. 2. The second stage of (OD) action research plan, or changes, phase. Related to the studying process at this stage and planning and implementing behaviour change in client organizations, add the action. The category of reply shown by a response Loop will be taken and plan to change the past with the actual of well recognize the impact of changing customer systems will transport to educational activities 3. The third part of the (OD) research production, or outcome, stage. The platform includes real change in reaction. If any resulting from corrective action ratio taken the next second stage. Data collected from customer systems again can be set so that progress and modification may be needed in the learning activities. LEADERSHIP MOTIVATION THEORY FOR THE HILTON Hilton’s build a two dimensional factor build on employee behaviour of his work. They can be also added in there company policy, supervision, salary and working condition rather than motivators. As per his theory the absence of the factor creates a job satisfaction but their present doesn’t match there. In that case Hilton Group also find out a five motivate element were strong job satisfaction. 1. Achievement 2. Responsibility 3. Advancement 4. Preconisation 5. Work it self Critically evaluate theories relating to managing cultural diversity for Hilton group of hotels? Hilton International Group is a leading global hotel brand and the company, with an expanding portfolio of hotels, mainly Hilton Brand, Conrad and Vernon Hotels. The company operates 380 hotels worldwide and is represented in 66 countries. Its 80,000 strong workforce looks after an average of 8 million guests every year. The quality of the Hilton brand is such that customer service and operational excellence is higher than in most industries. Senior executives at Hilton believe that the training and ongoing development of its employees is critical in order for the business to stay ahead in a competitive global marketplace. Consequently, learning is a major part of the company’s strategy. Hilton International is totally decentralised; splitting into countries, cities and individual hotels. Theories for managing cultural diversity at Hilton group of hotels INTERNATIONAL HRM STRATEGY 1.Recruitment: The recruitment strategy, must determine the nature of the IMD programme and the type of international manager development. Three different approaches available to managing and staffing companies’ subsidiaries include an ethnocentric approach, which will tend to use expatriates in key positions abroad; a polycentric approach with the use of local nationals wherever possible, and a geocentric approach with a mixture of nationals, expatriates and third country nationals. In the ethnocentric approach, the cultural values and business practices of the home country are predominant. All the standards for evaluation and control are determined centrally from the headquarters in the form of orders and commands. The polycentric approach is in direct opposition. The subsidiaries in each country are developed locally under the supervision of local managers. It results in little communication between headquarters and subsidiary. The geocentric approach, organisations try to combine the best from headquarters and the subsidiaries to develop consistent worldwide practices. In regard to Hilton Hotel Group, it tries to involve more integration between centre and subsidiaries to ensure close co-operation between the different parts of the chain, and implement both universal and local standards for evaluation and control. The company that applies the global integrated business strategy manages and staffs employees on a global basis. For example, Hilton has for many years attempted to recruit and develop a group of international managers from diverse countries. These people constitute a mobile base of managers who are used in a variety of facilities as the need arises. 2. DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Considering the international nature of the hotel industry it becomes clear that different development needs exist believes that there are two-tiered approaches to international development. At a tactical level, companies such as Hilton, have to ensure that managers are able to operate in different locations while developing sensitivity to the local environment. The second one is based on a strategic level, where managers are required to think globally and view the organisation in an international context. Hilton has introduced a large number of HRM strategies which focus on selecting, training and developing global managers who understand the worldwide ramifications of their business and can operate throughout the world. The loss of employees is among the biggest issues facing modern-day corporations. Hilton Hotel Group is one of the examples, where managers work with closely with employees to detail their career paths. Hilton continues to demonstrate that building a satisfied and valuable workforce is not a quick-fix procedure, but an integrated approach that permeates through every aspect of the organisation. Hilton tries to recognise the importance of employee approaches and heavily invests in it. 3. RECOGNITIONS AND REWARDS AT HILTON An organisation reward strategy is perhaps the area which, for employees, provides the greatest bridge between rhetoric and reality. It is not only an essential tool in terms of retention, motivation and recruitment – it is an opportunity to demonstrate the culture of the organisation in a way that has real impact on employees. Hilton International aims to make everyone feel valued within their working environment. Its objectives are to maintain high standards in human resources management and to create a business culture in which everyone can grow and develop their careers. To support this commitment, Hilton University has been launched worldwide, covering a range of skills for the hotel industry, from operational and technical to finance and general management. LABOUR MARKET: Labour supply and retention remain areas of managerial concern in the UK and international hospitality industry. High Turnover Issue: It is generally considered that turnover in the industry should be attributed to the essentially transient nature of part of the workforce, namely students, young mothers and young people as a whole, as well as to the general difficulty in retaining staff. The ageism issue is difficult to identify, and therefore difficult to eliminate in an employment context. Nowadays the industry employs mostly young people, and indeed for many of them provides the point of entry into the world of work. Older recruits often have considerable experience in the industry and may have a lower absentee rate. (Nord and Durand, 1978; Lucas, 1995) In Hilton, where employees are recognised as valued assets and receive the training needed to assume greater responsibility, and where their opinion is sought with regard to operational changes, turnover rates are lower. Impact of new technology: Technology which facilitates on-line hotels will have an impact in terms of staff reductions on the front-desk hotel staff, which used to perform those functions. This technology also calls for a different range of skills from employees. Training will therefore become a continuous need and the remaining jobs will require greater skills. Compare and contrast the style of leadership and appropriate motivation technique across different culture in Hilton group? The Hilton Group Plc also focuses the leadership styles depend on leader’s behaviour, result of philosophy, personality and experience of the leader. Here Kurt Lewin and some other philosopher declare some different types of leadership so we can be also think on this way to make a better organising management. Bureaucratic, Autocratic, Democratic or Laissez-Faire (Free Reign) Leadership. 1. Bureaucratic: – A leader who uses fear and threats to get jobs done. As a leader, an authoritarian leadership style which uses the leader with all this style also makes the same decision. 2. Autocratic: – Under the authoritarian leadership style, as a leader in federal decision-making powers is shown that leaders are rulers. 3. Democratic: – Democratic leadership style, decision as a favour done by group, as leader, after consulting group offers instruction. Democratic leader of the group members because they unilaterally decided by them in consultation with the Partnership are not born with as dictator. 4. Laissez-Faire (Free Reign):- A free rein leader does not lead, but the group showed itself as a complete leaf, a leader allows subordinates more and more freedom. They are given generous in deciding its policies and practices. Free rein leadership style autocratic style is considered better. Organizations around the world has been recognizing the cultural diversity within organization is not a contradict aspect, rather can assist an organizational pursue for glory. However it is not an easy task to manage employees with different cultural backgrounds. Nevertheless there are so many policy guidelines that can make a piece of work simplified. On a wide perspective, cultural diversity can be manage through communicating (creating awareness among all employees about diverse values of peers through communication), cultivating (facilitating acknowledgement, support and encouragement of any employee’ success by all other workers), and capitalizing (linking diversity to every business touch on and strategy such as succession planning, restructuring, employee motivation, performance management and review, and pay back systems) strategies Cross-cultural psychology at Hilton attempts to understand how individuals of different cultures interact with each other. Along these lines, cross-cultural leadership has developed as a way to understand leaders who work in the newly globalized market. Today’s international organizations require leaders who can adjust to different environments quickly and work with partners and employees. Implicit Leadership Theory: The Implicit Leadership Theory (ILT) asserts that people’s underlying assumptions, stereotypes, beliefs and schemas influence the extent to which they view someone as a good leader. Since people across cultures tend to hold different implicit beliefs, schemas and stereotypes, it would seem only natural that their underlying beliefs in what makes a good leader differ across cultures. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions : One of the most prominent and influential studies to date regarding leadership in a globalized world is the Hofstede dimensions of culture. The study reveals similarities as well as differences across cultures and emphasizes the need to be open-minded to understand the differences in other cultures. Hofstede and Hofstede (2005) utilize five dimensions of culture to compare cultures to give leaders an understanding of how to adjust their leadership styles accordingly. These dimensions include Individualism/Collectivism, Feminine/Masculine, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long Term/ Short Term orientation. Leadership Styles Across Cultures: Leadership is a universal phenomenon That is, wherever there are people, there are leaders. The question here is not whether leadership exists across cultures, but do various leadership styles (paternalistic leadership, transformational leadership, transactional leadership) translate across cultures Paternalistic Leadership Paternalistic leadership â€Å"combines strong discipline and authority with fatherly benevolence and moral integrity couched in a ‘personality’ atmosphere† Paternalistic leadership is composed of three main elements: authoritarianism, benevolence, and moral leadership. At its roots, paternalistic leadership refers to a hierarchical relationship in which the leader takes personal interest in the workers’ professional and personal lives in a manner resembling a parent, and expects loyalty and respect in return . A great deal of research has been conducted on the prevalence of this leadership style in non-Western business organizations, indicating the prevalence of paternalistic leadership in countries like China and Taiwan. However, considerably less research has been done on whether paternalistic leadership exists in Western cultures. Recently, there has been an increase in the amount of attention placed on paternalistic leadership in non-Western cultures. Based on recent cross-cultural studies, paternalistic leadership seems to be more apparent across cultures than previously believed. Further research is needed to explore how prevalent it is, and how individual characteristics may play a role in where paternalistic leadership is found. Transformational & Transactional Leadership In addition to paternalistic leadership, other well-known leadership styles include transformational leadership and transactional leadership. Transformational leadership is loosely defined as a charismatic leadership style that rallies subordinates around a common goal with enthusiasm and support. Transactional leadership is characterized by a give and take relationship using rewards as an incentive. These concepts were introduced by Bass (1985) and have been updated and studied throughout the years, claiming the transferability of these types of leadership styles across cultures. With the help of cross-cultural business surroundings comes a need for people to be aware of how culture influences the organization. The cause of event is the leadership challenge is very hard to achieve. The Leaders of new era should have the ability to managing people of different cultures; the leaders must have the ability to listen every one and should understand the actual meaning of diversified cultural co-workers. This is the main and the core challenge which a leader faces; when people perceive the world, communicate and view their leaders in different ways, the leader’s ears may be ringing with misunderstood messages. Behavioural Theories: Behavioural theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Rooted in behaviourism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. 3. Contingency or Situational Theories: Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. 4. Participative Theories: Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. Theories of Motivation 1. Abraham Maslow’s â€Å"Need Hierarchy Theory†: One of the most widely mentioned theories of motivation is the hierarchy of needs theory put forth by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator. As per his theory this needs are : (i) Physiological needs : (ii) Security or Safety needs : (iii) Social needs : (iv) Esteem needs : (v) Need for self-actualization : Description: Motivation 2 â€Å"Theory X and Theory Y† of Douglas McGregor : McGregor states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y. 3 Mayo Theory of Motivation Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work. 4 Herzberg Theory of Motivation Frederick Herzberg (1923-) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors) Critical Analysis of leadership Theories Trait Theory: The Trait Approach came from the â€Å"Great Man† theory as a way of identifying the key characteristics of successful leaders. It was believed that through this approach critical leadership traits could be isolated and that people with such traits could then be recruited, selected, and installed into leadership positions. This approach was common in the military and is still used as a set of criteria to select candidates for commissions. The problem with the trait approach lies in the fact that almost as many traits as studies undertaken were identified. After several years of such research, it became apparent that no consistent traits could be identified. Although some traits were found in a considerable number of studies, the results were generally inconclusive. Some leaders might have possessed certain traits but the absence of them did not necessarily mean that the person was not a leader. 2 The Behavioural Theory: The results of the trait studies were in concluded. Traits, amongst other things, were hard to measure. How, for example, do we measure traits such as honesty, integrity, loyalty, or diligence, while in this theory of leadership its very clear that the behaviour of the leader is very important, its doesn’t matter how intelligent he is or how educated the leader is. its the game of behaviour and game of personality. This style of leadership, we can see mostly in south Asian countries or third world countries. And in my view this kind of leadership is based on idealism. 3 The Contingency Theory The behavioural theories can help the managers at Hilton Group for developing specific leadership behaviours they give them little guidance as to what constitutes effective leadership in different scenarios. Indeed, I feel that no one leadership style is right for every manager under all circumstances. Instead, contingency-situational theories were developed to indicate that the style to be used is contingent upon such factors as the situation, the people, the task, the organization, and other environmental variables. 4 Participative Theories Participative theory may helps more to the managers rather than other above theories. The positive thing about participative style of leadership is distribute the power among the team members. That’s means the leader transfer and share the power among all the team members. This will help to make better decisions, because every team member will participate in the decision making process. In this case every team member has the importance and that thing motivate and enhance their confidence level. On the other hand if the leader transfer the power to that member who I not capable of doing assigned work than that thing can impact negatively. Maslow’s theory is not easy to test because of the nature of the subject involved, the difficulty with defining the plan or intention and only cover partly, for example between love and esteem, or physical and safety needs. Deprivation: The person who is not available in all of the basic needs containing as part of the whole being consi dered physiological, safety, love, and esteem would likely feel a powerful desire for food above all else. In the Maslow as a witness explain the example of a persisting for a long time or constantly recurring hungry person for whom no other interests exist beyond food: â€Å"he dreams food, he remembers food, he thinks about food, he emotes only about food, he conscious of only food and he wants only food†. Maslow suggested that people who experienced extreme emotional and/or physical the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society early in life may be permanently destroyed in terms of the social, esteem, and fulfilment of one’s talents and potentialities needs. Individuals develop coping mechanisms in the face of ongoing stressors: in the context of chronic deprivation of basic needs, the person may break the connection from the higher needs, since they may seem causes despair out of reach. Adults who were process of moving up the hierarchy of needs as the lower needs become satisfied criticized theories that rest on especially significant details of human behaviour under remarkable conditions, Care taken to avoid danger or mistakes against unknown situation from human behaviour in emergencies to human behaviour in more typical situations. Maslow stated a fact or belief confidently and forcefully that those who attempt to measure the goals of humankind based on not involving anyone â€Å"behaviour during extreme physiological deprivation is used to emphasize being blind to many things .it is important to observe human behaviour under more normal circumstances in order to develop a generally applicable theory that is not distorted by reaching a high environments. Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of human needs make an effort to achieve an account for the experience of the persisting for a long time or constantly recurring hungry and the chronically satisfied within the same model, but the model’s structure does not allow enough flexibility to account for the extremes of satisfaction and the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society as well as the normal experiences of the general population. â€Å"Theory X and Theory Y† of Douglas McGregor This lasting legacy of McGregor’s The Human Side of Enterprise and his Theory X and Y is that it shows how far management thinking has come. Objecting to the dominance of Theory X in the workplace of the time, McGregor noted that ‘if there is a single assumption that pervades conventional organization theory, it is that authority is the central, indispensable means of managerial control.’ McGregor then put forward an available as another possibility or choice the art of representing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other. Theory Y was based on the opposite set of assumptions, namely that people need not only to work but want to work. Under Theory Y, the worker finds that mental and physical effort at work are as natural as it is not working or occupied; that belonging to control and threats are not the single means of control in a company; that the average human learns not only to accept but to attempt to find responsibility; and that most of us have a fully occupying the available area to display a high degree of forming new ideas, and original in sorting out problems. It is true that neither of McGregor’s two polar opposites are achievable in any organization. Even the most swollen and distended or congested corporate giant has human spirit remain hidden within it, while the most off-beam creative firms require an organization a set of ideas. McGregor recognized this fact and was busy by the terms of a will a hybrid of organizational human try hard to achieve something, theory Z, when he died. Mayo Theory of Motivation Mayo theory of motivation has described that treating with people as human is important. The manager Should give them self respect and importance, this is an effective tool for the people who work in an organization. But the negative aspect of this theory is that mayo has forgotten about the basic needs and one of them is money. Only the self respect is not enough other things also matters. In my opinion the mayo theory of motivation is competitively less effective that other theories of motivation. Herzberg Theory of Motivation Herzberg has discussed two factor here in my view Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction, for example the company polices really matters. Are they helpful to the workers, how the administration is working, what leadership style they have? If both company policy and administration is worker friendly than it really helpful to the workers and motivates them, there few other factors which have the importance is supervision, interpersonal relationship, working conditions, salary, status and security. these are the factors if they are shown preferably in the company policies that can really motivate the employees. While in Motivation Factor – work condition related to the satisfaction of the need for psychological growth, job enrichment and leads to superior performance & effort Motivation-Hygiene Combinations (Motivation = M, Hygiene = H) Benefits of Cultural Diversity For producing desired results multi-cultural managed companies have cost effective competitive advantage. It helps in boosting minority friendly reputation among progressive employees. Diverse cultural corporations help to get the best customers which have a variety of people. Diverse group of employees are seems to be more creative and efficient in problem solving as compared to similar group. Ability to manage cultural diversity increases adaptability and flexibility of an organization to environmental changes. Globalization is the increased interdependence (economic, social, technical, and political) between nations. People are becoming more interconnected. At Hilton there is more international trade, cultural exchange, and use of worldwide telecommunication systems. In the last 10 years, our schools, organizations, and communities have become far more global than in the past. Increased globalization has created many challenges, including the need to design effective multinational organizations, to identify and select appropriate leaders for these entities, and to manage organizations with culturally diverse employees. Motivation strategy at Hilton: An organisation’s rewards strategy is perhaps the area which, for employees, provides the greatest bridge between rhetoric and reality. It is not only an essential tool in terms of retention, motivation and recruitment – it is an opportunity to demonstrate the culture of the organisation in a way that has real impact on employees. At Hilton, the acquisition of leisure group Stakis plc in March 1999 promoted a review and subsequent update of the company’s rewards program – Esprit Club. Through their â€Å"Espirit† programme, Hilton International aims to make everyone feel valued within their working environment. Its objectives are to maintain high standards in human resources management and to create a business culture in which everyone can grow and develop their careers. To support this commitment, Hilton University has been launched worldwide, covering a range of skills for the hotel industry, from operational and technical to finance and general management CONCLUSION:- The hospitality industry, being so people-centred and customer-driven, needs inspirational leadership in all its sectors. In that case The Hilton Group Plc’s Organisation culture is analytical –learning search problem and explains process adds in to the customer service systems. This data in the form of a printed report has not come quickly, but quick response into the open joint session, and client and change agent to identify specific problems and ranking co-operation, ways to discover their real reasons in preparation, and plans to compete with them in developing realistic and practical. As a Hospitality method of data assembly, Customer satisfaction, Cleanness, accuracy, measuring results and management however, as strictly followed as a rule so it could be make lots of customer ratio. Hilton’s strategy on globalisation strongly affects the approach it takes to international human resource management. To ensure the development of managers with international experience, Hilton and other global hotel chains need to establish HRM systems as a core component of general organisation strategy and adopt a formalised approach to IMD. Whichever approach is adopted, it seems essential to plan the strategy and focus on a holistic, long-term approach rather than the individual, short-term approaches. A more centralised approach can optimise Hilton’s management as a competitive resource. The double challenges thinking puff leadership development and improve effective leadership developing practices In the Hilton Group Plc It would be greater than best of previous. At that time we find our self carefully positive field for the future. Some of the positive trends that are the make a future both challenging and interesting for the Hilton’s employee. Hilton’s strategy on globalisation strongly affects the approach it takes to international human resource management. To ensure the development of managers with international experience, Hilton and other global hotel chains need to establish HRM systems as a core component of general organisation strategy and adopt a formalised approach to IMD. Whichever approach is adopted, it seems essential to plan the strategy and focus on a holistic, long-term approach rather than the individual, short-term approaches. A more centralised approach can optimise Hilton’s management as a competitive resource. References: 1. www.hospitalityleadership.com 2. www.ukessays.co.uk 3. www.carererandhotelkeeper.com 4. http://www.caterersearch.com 5. http://www3.hilton.com 6. http://www.papercamp.com/group/harvard-hilto 7. Master of Science in Hotel Administration -William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration 8. Leadership research in hospitality: a critical review- Steven Boyne 9. Organizational Behaviour: Foundations, Theories, and Analyses: By John B. Miner 10. Armstrong M., 1996, Personnel Management Practice, Kogan Page; 11. Article, 2001, Human resources development, employment and globalisation in the hotel, catering and tourism sector, International Labour Organisation, April 2, www-ilrror.cornell.edu/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/tmhct01/tmhctr2.htm